PAHs, scientific name polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a class of harmful substances produced by the incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and other fuels, wood and combustible gases or under high temperature treatment conditions. Among the organic compounds and other substances, it is one of the important carcinogens in the environment. In the environment, organic pollutants are everywhere, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH) are the bulk, and some of them have been proved to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to the human body sex. There are more than 100 known PAHs, and there are 16 PAHs listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
German Safety Technology Certification Center: Requires mandatory addition of PAHs test in GS mark certification, which took effect on April 1, 2008.
PAHs mainly include the following 16 similar substances:
1 Naphthalene
2 Acenaphthylene
3 Acenaphthene
4 Fluorene
5 Phenanthrene
6 Anthracene
7 Fluoranthene
8 Pyrene
9 Benzo(a)anthracene
10 Chrysene Que
11 Benzo(b)fluoranthene
12 Benzo(k)fluoranthene
13 Benzo(a)pyrene
14 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
15 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
16 Benzo(g,hi)perylene
ROHS
EU RoHS Directive, the full name of The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, is the Directive on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Risks to the environment and health. The original directive 2002/95/EC was implemented on July 1, 2006, covering eight categories of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) with a direct current of 1500V and an alternating current of less than 1000V. ), the content of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) shall not exceed 1000ppm respectively, and the content of cadmium (Cd) shall not exceed 100ppm. RoHS 2.0 (2011/65/EU) came into effect on July 21, 2011, and was officially implemented on January 3, 2013 (2002/95/EC was abolished on the same day), RoHS 2.0 expands the product range on the basis of the original RoHS directive To eleven categories, member states are required to ensure that the EEE and components including its repair parts or reuse or cables or upgrading its function/capacity are compliant with the new Directive. RoHS 2.0 gives a clear definition of homogeneous materials and stipulates the respective responsibilities and obligations of manufacturers, authorized representatives, importers, sellers, etc.; manufacturers must draft necessary technical documents during the production process, according to Article 768/ Model A specified in Annex II of Decision No. 2008/EC implements internal production control procedures, and at the same time, a declaration of conformity is required, and the CE mark can be affixed to the end product only after the product is qualified.
WEEE Directive, namely Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive (2012/19/EC) (Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Directive). The purpose of implementing the WEEE Directive is to prevent and control electronic and electrical waste (WEEE), in addition Reuse, recycle and other forms of recovery of these wastes are achieved to reduce waste disposal. At the same time, efforts are also made to improve the environmental protection behavior of all operators involved in the life cycle of electrical and electronic equipment, such as producers, sellers, consumers, especially those directly involved in the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
On January 19, 2012, the European Parliament voted to approve the amendment to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive). After the revised Directive is officially adopted by the Council, it will take effect on the day it is published in the Official Journal of the European Union and must be implemented in member states 18 months later, although some provisions will have a longer transition period. The revised directive contains the following main provisions The revised WEEE directive covers all types of electrical and electronic equipment. Beginning on 15 August 2018, all electrical and electronic equipment, except items (a) to (g) below, shall be classified into the 6 categories listed in Annex III. The European Commission is required to review the scope of the Directive within 3 years of its entry into force.
The revised Directive will not apply to the following electrical and electronic equipment:
a. Equipment intended for use in outer space
b. Large fixed industrial tools
c. Large fixtures
d. Passenger and freight transport
e. Non-road mobile machinery for professional use
f. Equipment designed for R&D purposes, limited to a business-to-business supply model
g. Medical instruments and in vitro diagnostic medical instruments, as well as active implantable medical instruments.
The marking symbol for electrical and electronic equipment indicates that the symbol for the separate collection of electrical and electronic equipment consists of a wheeled bin with a cross, as shown in the figure below. Symbols must be clearly printed, legible and durable.
Reach
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) announced the first batch of 15 substances of very high concern (SVHC) on October 9, 2008, and officially included these 15 substances of very high concern into the "candidate list".
During this period, ECHA officially released the tenth batch of substances of very high concern (SVHC) list of REACH regulations on December 16, 2013, with a total of 7 substances, and the total list of SVHC has a total of 151 substances.
Helsinki, June 16, 2014 news, ECHA added 4 substances as substances of very high concern (SVHC), added to the list of candidates for authorization.
At present, the substances on the candidate list of REACH regulations have been increased to 155, a total of 11 batches.
Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) are substances with the following properties:
Carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic to reproduction, categories 1,2;
Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity
High persistence, high bioaccumulation
Substances with equivalent effects (eg endocrine disruptors)
EN71
EN71 is the normative standard for toy products in the EU market. Children are the most cared and cherished group in the whole society. The market of toys that children generally love is developing rapidly. At the same time, various kinds of toys also cause harm to children due to various quality problems. Requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. Many countries have established their own safety regulations for these products, and manufacturing companies must ensure that their products meet the relevant standards before being sold in the region. Manufacturers must be held responsible for accidents caused by production defects, poor design or the use of inappropriate materials. As a result, the toy EN71 certification decree was launched in Europe.
Details:
EN71-1: Toy Safety - Part 1: Physical and Mechanical Properties
EN71-2: Toy Safety - Part 2: Flame Retardant Properties
EN71-3: Toy Safety - Part 3: Transfer of Certain Elements
EN 71 Part 1
1. EN 71 Part 1:2005+A9:2009-physical &mechanical Test physical and mechanical test
(a)Without Sound module
(b)With Sound module sound toy
(c)Earphone with Sound
(d)7000 Cycles Switch Test for Chest
(e)Ride-on Toys
(f) Mouth-actuated Toys
Physical and mechanical properties This part mainly includes drop detection, small parts detection, sharp edge detection, tension detection, pressure detection, seam detection, ear nose and eye tension, torsion detection, etc. General requirements for the physical test section:
1 material
12 Balloons
2 Assembly
13 Ropes for toy kites and other flying toys
3 Flexible plastic film
14 shells
4 toy bags
15 Toys That Can Hold Your Child's Weight
5 glass
16 Heavy duty stationary toys
6 Expansion material
17 Toy projectiles
7 edge
18 Water toys
8 tips and wires
19 Detonators specially designed for toys
9 Raised parts
20 Acoustic Toys
10 There are parts that move with each other
21 Toys with heat sources
11 oral toys
EN 71 Part 2
2. EN 71 Part 2:1993-flammability Test Flammability Test
(a) Finished Product
(b) Pile fabric or material pile fabric or pile material
EN 71 Part 3
3. EN 71 Part 3:1994-Toxic Elements Test (19 Toxic Elements Results)
Toxic metal dissolution test (test results of 19 toxic metal elements)
Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium(III), Chromium(VI), Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Strontium, Tin, Organotin, Zinc
battery command
On December 10, 2013, the European Union published the Battery Amendment Directive 2013/56/EU in its Official Gazette, abolishing the cadmium exemption for cordless power tool batteries and prohibiting button batteries from containing mercury.
2013/56/EU requirements for battery labeling:
All batteries, accumulators and button cells shall bear the crossed out wheeled bin symbol.
If the mercury (Hg) content in the battery exceeds 0.0005% (5ppm), or the cadmium (Cd) content exceeds 0.002% (20ppm), or the lead (Pb) content exceeds 0.004% (40ppm), the crossed out wheeled bin mark The chemical symbol for the metal in excess of the limit shall be affixed to the bottom, and the chemical symbol shall occupy at least one quarter of the area of the crossed-out wheeled bin symbol.
If the battery or accumulator contains more than one of the above metals, the corresponding chemical symbols need to be attached respectively. For example, if a battery contains more than 0.004% lead (Pb) and more than 0.0005% mercury (Hg), the symbols Pb and Hg should be appended.
④The symbol shall cover 3% of the largest side area of the battery, accumulator or battery pack, but shall not be larger than 125px x 5 cm;
⑤ If the battery is cylindrical, the symbol should cover 1.5% of the surface area of the battery or accumulator, and not larger than 125pxx125px; if the size of the symbol may be less than 12.5pxx 12.5px due to area constraints, the battery, accumulator or battery pack itself does not need to be marked, but the relevant symbols with an area of not less than 25px x 25px should be printed on the packaging;
(6) The symbols should be clearly visible and cannot be erased.
The labelling limits for mercury and cadmium are the same as the regulatory content limits. Therefore, the Hg symbol is actually only applicable to button cells, the Cd symbol is only applicable to exempted batteries and accumulators, and other types of batteries and accumulators with mercury or cadmium content exceeding the limit are prohibited from production and sale.
⑻ Batteries put on the market before September 26, 2008 can continue to be sold without time limit. Batteries on the market after this date should comply with the requirements of the new directive.
⑼ According to the new cadmium limit, nickel-cadmium batteries can no longer be used (except for exempted products), so only nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries or lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries can be used as replacements.
⑽ Consumers should also be informed of the potential effects of these substances, the correct disposal methods, details of recovery and recycling plans, and the meaning of the symbols.
halogen
The halogen elements include Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine. Among them, astatine is a radioactive element, and the halogens that people usually refer to are four elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Halogen-free control mainly involves chlorine (Chlorine) and bromine (Bromine).
Halogen compounds have received widespread attention due to the following hazards:
1. Some halogen compounds are harmful to the environment and human body: such as halogen-containing persistent organic pollutants POP;
2. Halogen-containing organic solvents are ozone depleting substances (ODS)
3. When the halogen-containing plastic is exposed to high temperature, it will release hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr, etc.), and it will form acid mist when it encounters water vapor in the air;
4. When halogen-containing plastics are burned, dioxins are produced, which are highly accumulated and highly persistent carcinogens;
5. When the halogen-containing plastic is burned, a large amount of smoke will be produced, which will reduce the visibility and affect the identification of the escape route.
At present, halogen-containing plastics, especially chlorine-containing and bromine-containing plastics, are widely used in the electrical and electronic industries. Halogens in plastics include PVC, plasticizers, flame retardants, etc., and also contain other forms of halogens, such as toners, pigments, etc.
